richard wagner biography

His Tristan und Isolde is sometimes described as marking the start of modern music. Biography Chief Justice Wagner was born and raised in Montreal, QC. Artist Biography by Rovi Staff Richard Wagner was one of the most revolutionary figures in the history of music, a composer who made pivotal contributions to the development of harmony and musical drama that reverberate even today. Begun when he was in school in 1826, the play was strongly influenced by Shakespeare and Goethe. ", "My beloved, my most glorious Friend" and "O Holy One, I worship you". Gutman (1990) 168–9; Newman (1976) II, 508–9, Cited in Daverio (208) 116. There is evidence that Wagner's music was played at the Dachau concentration camp to "re-educate" the prisoners. Richard Wagner : a biography by Watson, Derek. He was born Wilhelm Richard Wagner on May 22, 1813, in Leipzig, Germany. [11][n 3], By 1827, the family had returned to Leipzig. "[258] Hitler visited Bayreuth frequently from 1923 onwards and attended the productions at the theatre. [19] Weinlig was so impressed with Wagner's musical ability that he refused any payment for his lessons. Letter from Richard Wagner to Mathilde Wesendonck, April 1859, Gregor-Dellin (1983) 336–8; Gutman (1990) 231–2, Wagner (1994c) 391 and n.; Spotts (1994) 37–40, Spotts (1994) 45–6; Gregor-Dellin (1983) 418–9, Marek (1981) 156; Gregor-Dellin (1983) 419. [66][n 7] Aspects of Schopenhauerian doctrine found their way into Wagner's subsequent libretti. Burbidge, Peter and Sutton, Richard (eds.) He had trouble with technical exercises although had demonstrated strong aural a… [125] The disillusioned included Wagner's friend and disciple Friedrich Nietzsche, who, having published his eulogistic essay "Richard Wagner in Bayreuth" before the festival as part of his Untimely Meditations, was bitterly disappointed by what he saw as Wagner's pandering to increasingly exclusivist German nationalism; his breach with Wagner began at this time. 4 reviews Presents an in-depth profile of the controversial German composer Richard Wagner, with a particular focus on his personal life, based on intensive research into the private papers of the Wagner family archives. [2][n 2] Wagner's father Carl died of typhus six months after Richard's birth. [137] Wagner was by this time extremely ill, having suffered a series of increasingly severe angina attacks. This was partly a consequence of the conservative tastes of the Jockey Club, which organised demonstrations in the theatre to protest at the presentation of the ballet feature in act 1 (instead of its traditional location in the second act); but the opportunity was also exploited by those who wanted to use the occasion as a veiled political protest against the pro-Austrian policies of Napoleon III. Wagner fell victim to ill-health, according to Ernest Newman "largely a matter of overwrought nerves", which made it difficult for him to continue writing. He remained an adherent of Schopenhauer for the rest of his life. He was the 9th child of his parents. He exemplified this approach in his own conducting, which was significantly more flexible than the disciplined approach of Felix Mendelssohn; in his view this also justified practices that would today be frowned upon, such as the rewriting of scores. In Mein Leben, Wagner wrote, "When I look back across my entire life I find no event to place beside this in the impression it produced on me," and claimed that the "profoundly human and ecstatic performance of this incomparable artist" kindled in him an "almost demonic fire. He decided to put the work aside to concentrate on a new idea: Tristan und Isolde,[62] based on the Arthurian love story Tristan and Iseult. "[78], In November 1859, Wagner once again moved to Paris to oversee production of a new revision of Tannhäuser, staged thanks to the efforts of Princess Pauline von Metternich, whose husband was the Austrian ambassador in Paris. Geoffrey Skelton) (1994). [247] There have been frequent suggestions that antisemitic stereotypes are represented in Wagner's operas. "The Body in the Library", in, Dahlhaus, Carl (1995), "Wagner: (Wilhelm) Richard Wagner", in, Deathridge, John (1982), "An Introduction to, Grant, John (1999), "Excalibur: US movie", in John Clute & John Grant (eds. It was originally anticipated that the project will be completed by 2030. [222] Wagnerian themes inhabit T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land, which contains lines from Tristan und Isolde and Götterdämmerung, and Verlaine's poem on Parsifal. Carr (2007) 109–10. The critic Theodor Adorno has noted that the Wagnerian leitmotif "leads directly to cinema music where the sole function of the leitmotif is to announce heroes or situations so as to allow the audience to orient itself more easily". [34] Debts would plague Wagner for most of his life. Wagner was part of the quasi-revolutionary "Young Germany" movement, and his leftist politics were reflected in Rienzi; unable to produce Rienzi in Paris, he sent the score to the Court Theatre in Dresden, Germany, where it was accepted. See Žižek (2009) viii: "[In this book] for the first time the Marxist reading of a musical work of art ... was combined with the highest musicological analysis. [193], There have been modern complete or partial editions of Wagner's writings,[194] including a centennial edition in German edited by Dieter Borchmeyer (which, however, omitted the essay "Das Judenthum in der Musik" and Mein Leben). (2002). The effect of his ideas can be traced in many of the arts throughout the 20th century; his influence spread beyond composition into conducting, philosophy, literature, the visual arts and theatre. Wagner initially announced the first Bayreuth Festival, at which for the first time the Ring cycle would be presented complete, for 1873,[115] but since Ludwig had declined to finance the project, the start of building was delayed and the proposed date for the festival was deferred. [35] Initially they took a stormy sea passage to London,[36] from which Wagner drew the inspiration for his opera Der fliegende Holländer (The Flying Dutchman), with a plot based on a sketch by Heinrich Heine. From May 1853 onwards Wesendonck made several loans to Wagner to finance his household expenses in Zürich,[69] and in 1857 placed a cottage on his estate at Wagner's disposal,[70] which became known as the Asyl ("asylum" or "place of rest"). But he was ambitious from a young age. Throughout his career, he influenced many of his remarkable operas. [168], Die Meistersinger was originally conceived by Wagner in 1845 as a sort of comic pendant to Tannhäuser. Of their children, two (Carl Gustave and Maria Theresia) died as infants. [130], Following the first Bayreuth Festival, Wagner began work on Parsifal, his final opera. David Cronenberg) and Melancholia (dir. In 1850, Julie, the wife of his friend Karl Ritter, began to pay him a small pension which she maintained until 1859. He died of a heart attack in Venice on February 13, 1883. The influence was noted by Nietzsche in his ", For example, the self-renouncing cobbler-poet. He was born May 22, 1813, in Leipzig in the Jewish quarter, to Carl Friedrich Wagner and Johanna Rosine. [30] In May 1837, Minna left Wagner for another man,[31] and this was but only the first débâcle of a tempestuous marriage. This was staged at Magdeburg in 1836 but closed before the second performance; this, together with the financial collapse of the theatre company employing him, left the composer in bankruptcy. After meeting and falling in love with Mathilde Wesendonck, the wife of Otto Wesendonck, Wagner was inspired to write Tristan and Isolde. For others with the surname, see, Influence on literature, philosophy and the visual arts, On the Brühl as a centre of the Jewish quarter, see e.g. It also carries elements of Buddhist renunciation suggested by Wagner's readings of Schopenhauer. His thoughts on the relative contributions of music and drama in opera were to change again, and he reintroduced some traditional forms into his last few stage works, including Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (The Mastersingers of Nuremberg). He was the ninth child of Carl Friedrich Wagner, who was a clerk in the Leipzig police service, and his wife, Johanna Rosine (née Paetz), the daughter of a baker. [26][27] Wagner had fallen for one of the leading ladies at Magdeburg, the actress Christine Wilhelmine "Minna" Planer[28] and after the disaster of Das Liebesverbot he followed her to Königsberg, where she helped him to get an engagement at the theatre. [76] Wagner's attitude to Minna had changed; the editor of his correspondence with her, John Burk, has said that she was to him "an invalid, to be treated with kindness and consideration, but, except at a distance, [was] a menace to his peace of mind. [22], In 1833, Wagner's brother Albert managed to obtain for him a position as choirmaster at the theatre in Würzburg. Gutman (1990) and Adorno (2009) 12–13. He had many Masonic influences in his life, including his family and friends. [33], By 1839, the couple had amassed such large debts that they fled Riga on the run from creditors. For a time, German musical life divided into two factions, supporters of Wagner and supporters of Johannes Brahms; the latter, with the support of the powerful critic Eduard Hanslick (of whom Beckmesser in Meistersinger is in part a caricature) championed traditional forms and led the conservative front against Wagnerian innovations. He is famous for both his epic operas, including the four-part, 18-hour Ring Cycle, as well as for his anti-semitic writings, which, posthumously, made him a favorite of Adolf Hitler. Wagner's ideas are amenable to socialist interpretations; many of his ideas on art were being formulated at the time of his revolutionary inclinations in the 1840s. Wagner, Richard (ed. Pioneering African American writer Richard Wright is best known for the classic texts 'Black Boy' and 'Native Son.'. This Tristan is turning into something terrible. Nietzsche broke with Wagner following the first Bayreuth Festival, believing that Wagner's final phase represented a pandering to Christian pieties and a surrender to the new German Reich. He earned seven Oscar nominations and was married twice to actress Elizabeth Taylor. [n 8], A second source of inspiration was Wagner's infatuation with the poet-writer Mathilde Wesendonck, the wife of the silk merchant Otto Wesendonck. Wagner did not attend the funeral. [134] Wagner's sudden interest in Christianity at this period, which infuses Parsifal, was contemporary with his increasing alignment with German nationalism, and required on his part, and the part of his associates, "the rewriting of some recent Wagnerian history", so as to represent, for example, the Ring as a work reflecting Christian ideals. [38] He also provided arrangements of operas by other composers, largely on behalf of the Schlesinger publishing house. and tr. Wagner (1987) 199. [103] He apparently also toyed with the idea of abdicating to follow his hero into exile, but Wagner quickly dissuaded him. Stewart Spencer and Barry Millington) (1987). Apart from some music that he wrote as a student he wrote ten operas which are all … [120] The theatre was completed in 1875, and the festival scheduled for the following year. He was baptized at St. Thomas Church. [188] The overtures and certain orchestral passages from Wagner's middle and late-stage operas are commonly played as concert pieces. [226], Wagner's concept of the use of leitmotifs and the integrated musical expression which they can enable has influenced many 20th and 21st century film scores. He was sworn in as chief justice on December 18, 2017, having previously served as a puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. Joey DeMaio of the band Manowar has described Wagner as "The father of heavy metal". [216], The poets Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Verlaine worshipped Wagner. Cosima's birthday was 24 December, but she usually celebrated it on Christmas Day. [156] They are the earliest works included in the Bayreuth canon, the mature operas that Cosima staged at the Bayreuth Festival after Wagner's death in accordance with his wishes. According to him, they composed music to achieve popularity and, thereby, financial success, as opposed to creating genuine works of art.[57]. [14] Wagner's early piano sonatas and his first attempts at orchestral overtures date from this period. [80] The opera was withdrawn after the third performance and Wagner left Paris soon after. Richard developed a love of the theatre and he took part in performances. [24], Having returned to Leipzig in 1834, Wagner held a brief appointment as musical director at the opera house in Magdeburg[25] during which he wrote Das Liebesverbot (The Ban on Love), based on Shakespeare's Measure for Measure. He extended the introduction, and wrote a lengthy additional final section. [38], Wagner had completed Rienzi in 1840. He was inspired by Ludwig van Beethoven and, in particular, Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, which Wagner called "that mystic source of my highest ecstasies." If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! [153], Wagner's middle stage output began with Der fliegende Holländer (The Flying Dutchman, 1843), followed by Tannhäuser (1845) and Lohengrin (1850). and tr. May 22, 1813 - February 13, 1883 "German composer. Essays of note inclu… To raise funds for the construction, "Wagner societies" were formed in several cities,[116] and Wagner began touring Germany conducting concerts. Millington (2001) 331–2, 409. In 1845, Wagner completed Tannhäuser and began working on Lohengrin. Wagner died of a heart attack at the age of 69 on 13 February 1883 at Ca' Vendramin Calergi, a 16th-century palazzo on the Grand Canal. His father died when he was only 6 months old from typhus. Der Ring des Nibelungen, commonly referred to as the Ring or "Ring cycle", is a set of four operas based loosely on figures and elements of Germanic mythology—particularly from the later Norse mythology—notably the Old Norse Poetic Edda and Volsunga Saga, and the Middle High German Nibelungenlied. The Wagners moved to the town the following year, and the foundation stone for the Bayreuth Festspielhaus ("Festival Theatre") was laid. The composer settled in Biebrich, on the Rhine near Wiesbaden in Hesse. The couple soon moved to Königsberg, where Wagner took the position of musical director at the Magdeburg Theatre. Richard Wagner was born to an ethnic German family in Leipzig, who lived at No 3, the Brühl (The House of the Red and White Lions) in the Jewish quarter. Wagner later called this the most important event of his life. [10] At this period Wagner entertained ambitions as a playwright. [210], Among those claiming inspiration from Wagner's music are the German band Rammstein,[211] and the electronic composer Klaus Schulze, whose 1975 album Timewind consists of two 30-minute tracks, Bayreuth Return and Wahnfried 1883. Olivia Giovetti, "Silver Screen Wagner Vies for Oscar Gold", Cited in Lockspeiser (1978) 179. He completed the text of the cycle by writing the libretti for Die Walküre (The Valkyrie) and Das Rheingold (The Rhine Gold) and revising the other libretti to agree with his new concept, completing them in 1852. Wagner attended Leipzig University in 1831, and his first symphony was performed in 1833. This final act!! As Chief Justice of Canada, he also presides over the Canadian Judicial Council, National Judicial Institute, and the Advisory Council for the Order of Canada. [102] In December 1865, Ludwig was finally forced to ask the composer to leave Munich. He almost certainly thought that Geyer was his biological father. [129] The expenses of Bayreuth and of Wahnfried meant that Wagner still sought further sources of income by conducting or taking on commissions such as the Centennial March for America, for which he received $5000. [5] She and her family moved to Geyer's residence in Dresden. His interest in Wesendonck, coupled with other events in his life, eventually led to his separation with his wife, Minna. Wilhelm Richard Wagner (/ˈvɑːɡnər/ VAHG-nər; German: [ˈʁɪçaʁt ˈvaːɡnɐ] (listen);[1] 22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). In the 20th century, Hitler was a fan of Wagner's music and writings, only making Wagner's legacy more controversial. Born in Leipzig on 22 May 1813 to a police clerk and a baker’s daughter. [90] The King, who was homosexual, expressed in his correspondence a passionate personal adoration for the composer,[n 9] and Wagner in his responses had no scruples about feigning reciprocal feelings. [141] After a funerary gondola bore Wagner's remains over the Grand Canal, his body was taken to Germany where it was buried in the garden of the Villa Wahnfried in Bayreuth. During his student days in Dresden, Wagner developed a passion for the world of heroes, myths and legends through his studies of Greek history. In his 1872 essay "On the Designation 'Music Drama, See for example Wagner's proposals for the rescoring of Beethoven's. His first creative effort, listed in the Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis (the standard listing of Wagner's works) as WWV 1, was a tragedy called Leubald. [257], Adolf Hitler was an admirer of Wagner's music and saw in his operas an embodiment of his own vision of the German nation; in a 1922 speech he claimed that Wagner's works glorified "the heroic Teutonic nature ... Greatness lies in the heroic. [81] He had sought a reconciliation with Minna during this Paris visit, and although she joined him there, the reunion was not successful and they again parted from each other when Wagner left. His first home, as he recalls in his essay “The Path to Healing,” in One Story, One Song (2011), “was a canvas army tent hung from a sprucebough frame.” As a toddler, he lived communally with his p… [239], Wagner has been the subject of many biographical films. Overvold, Liselotte Z. Wagner took 26 years from writing the first draft of a libretto in 1848 until he completed Götterdämmerung in 1874. e.g. [63] His personal circumstances certainly made him an easy convert to what he understood to be Schopenhauer's philosophy, a deeply pessimistic view of the human condition. He was taught basic piano education from his Latin teacher at Pastor Wetzel’s school near Dresden. "[128] Moreover, the festival finished with a deficit of about 150,000 marks. He was the ninth son of Carl Friedrich Wagner and Johanna Rosine. (1976), "Wagner's American Centennial March: Genesis and Reception", Potter, Pamela R. (2008), "Wagner and the Third Reich: myths and realities", in. He was the ninth child of Carl Friedrich Wagner, who was a clerk in the Leipzig police service, and his wife, Johanna Rosine (née Paetz), the daughter of a baker. [231] They were supported by the conservative leanings of some German music schools, including the conservatories at Leipzig under Ignaz Moscheles and at Cologne under the direction of Ferdinand Hiller. Wagner’s father Carl died of typhus six m… [170] Millington describes Meistersinger as "a rich, perceptive music drama widely admired for its warm humanity",[171] but its strong German nationalist overtones have led some to cite it as an example of Wagner's reactionary politics and antisemitism. Richard Wagner was born in 1813 in Leipzig, Germany. E.g. (See alsoFirst Nations.) Richard Wagner is the eighteenth Chief Justice of Canada. © 2021 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. [29] The two married in Tragheim Church on 24 November 1836. His essay "About Conducting" (1869)[207] advanced Hector Berlioz's technique of conducting and claimed that conducting was a means by which a musical work could be re-interpreted, rather than simply a mechanism for achieving orchestral unison. See Millington (2001) 286; Donington (1979) 128–30, 141, 210–2. [225] Georg Groddeck considered the Ring as the first manual of psychoanalysis. [115] Wagner was responsible for several theatrical innovations at Bayreuth; these include darkening the auditorium during performances, and placing the orchestra in a pit out of view of the audience. [160] They were also influenced by Wagner's concepts of ancient Greek drama, in which tetralogies were a component of Athenian festivals, and which he had amply discussed in his essay "Oper und Drama". His interest in music grew from the fact that his family background was also inclined to music. [183] His most commonly performed work that is not an extract from an opera is the Siegfried Idyll for chamber orchestra, which has several motifs in common with the Ring cycle. Wagner wrote a first draft of the libretto in 1845,[86] and he had resolved to develop it during a visit he had made to Venice with the Wesendoncks in 1860, where he was inspired by Titian's painting The Assumption of the Virgin. List of works for the stage by Richard Wagner, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Der Ring des Nibelungen: Composition of the music, Der Ring des Nibelungen: Composition of the poem, Category:Autobiographical works by Richard Wagner, List of films using the music of Richard Wagner, The Condition of the Working Class in England, The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, performance of his music in the State of Israel, Leipzig page of the Museum of the Jewish People website, Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art, Overture to the Flying Dutchman as Sight-read by a Bad Spa Orchestra at 7 in the Morning by the Well, "Richard Wagner Schriften (RWS). [161], The first two components of the Ring cycle were Das Rheingold (The Rhinegold), which was completed in 1854, and Die Walküre (The Valkyrie), which was finished in 1856. [121], For the design of the Festspielhaus, Wagner appropriated some of the ideas of his former colleague, Gottfried Semper, which he had previously solicited for a proposed new opera house at Munich. As a youth, Wagner was drawn to the theatre, and saw music as an expansion of his interest in the stage. Ian Johnston) (2009). He was married to actress Natalie Wood, whose 1981 death remains under investigation. "[182] Musically the opera has been held to represent a continuing development of the composer's style, and Millington describes it as "a diaphanous score of unearthly beauty and refinement". Historisch-kritische Gesamtausgabe", Richard Wagner Collected Correspondence Edition website, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Website of the International Association of Wagner Societies, "Why Wagner and Cinema? [206], Wagner made a major contribution to the principles and practice of conducting. His advances in musical language, such as extreme chromaticism and quickly shifting tonal centres, greatly influenced the development of classical music. Others agree on the profound importance of this work to Wagner – see Magee (2000) 133–4. Richard Wagner was one of the world's most influential — and controversial — composers. [227] Film scores citing Wagnerian themes include Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now, which features a version of the Ride of the Valkyries, Trevor Jones's soundtrack to John Boorman's film Excalibur,[228] and the 2011 films A Dangerous Method (dir. Nietzsche expressed his displeasure with the later Wagner in "The Case of Wagner" and "Nietzsche contra Wagner". ... At a specially-appointed Festival, I propose, some future time, to produce those three Dramas with their Prelude, in the course of three days and a fore-evening [emphasis in original].[60]. The first two operas of The Ring Cycle, Das Rheingold and Die Walküre, were presented in Munich in 1869 and 1870. [172], When Wagner returned to writing the music for the last act of Siegfried and for Götterdämmerung (Twilight of the Gods), as the final part of the Ring, his style had changed once more to something more recognisable as "operatic" than the aural world of Rheingold and Walküre, though it was still thoroughly stamped with his own originality as a composer and suffused with leitmotifs. [196] The first complete historical and critical edition of Wagner's prose works was launched in 2013 at the Institute for Music Research at the University of Würzburg; this will result in at least eight volumes of text and several volumes of commentary, totalling over 5,000 pages. Except for Carl Julius becoming a goldsmith, all his siblings developed careers connected with the stage. [110] Richard and Cosima's wedding took place on 25 August 1870. [15], In 1829 he saw a performance by dramatic soprano Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient, and she became his ideal of the fusion of drama and music in opera. Lindsay Wagner is an actress and activist known for her portrayal of Jamie Sommers on TV's The Bionic Woman. Applegate, Celia; Potter, Pamela (eds.) Warshaw, Hilary (2012), "No Sound of Music", von Westernhagen, Kurt (1980), "(Wilhelm) Richard Wagner", in vol. Some music historians date the beginning of modern classical music to the first notes of Tristan, which include the so-called Tristan chord. This work, which imitated the style of Weber, went unproduced until half a century later, when it was premiered in Munich shortly after the composer's death in 1883. Richard Wagner was born in Leipzig, at No. The following year, in 1834, Wagner joined the Würzburg Theater as chorus master, and wrote the text and music of his first opera, Die Feen (The Fairies), which was not staged. [201] Gustav Mahler was devoted to Wagner and his music; aged 15, he sought him out on his 1875 visit to Vienna,[202] became a renowned Wagner conductor,[203] and his compositions are seen by Richard Taruskin as extending Wagner's "maximalization" of "the temporal and the sonorous" in music to the world of the symphony. [150], Wagner's earliest attempts at opera were often uncompleted. Wagner, Cosima (ed. [n 16] They were also the operas by which his fame spread during his lifetime. Laussot. The publisher is Schott Music. [268] There has been no evidence to support claims, sometimes made,[269] that his music was played at Nazi death camps during the Second World War, and Pamela Potter has noted that Wagner's music was explicitly off-limits in the camps. The Ring takes about 15 hours to perform[177] and is the only undertaking of such size to be regularly presented on the world's stages. "[236] In the 20th century Wagner's music was parodied by Paul Hindemith[n 20] and Hanns Eisler, among others. [235] Others who proved resistant to Wagner's operas included Gioachino Rossini, who said "Wagner has wonderful moments, and dreadful quarters of an hour. Indeed, Debussy was one of many composers, including Tchaikovsky, who felt the need to break with Wagner precisely because his influence was so unmistakable and overwhelming. Ill, having suffered a series of increasingly severe angina attacks of Jamie Sommers on TV 's the Bionic.... His creative life over the next twelve years in Zürich in 1852 ] Moreover, the self-renouncing...., Derek detailed essay on music in the richard wagner biography world and for his,! Finished with a deficit of about 150,000 marks, including his speculation about dreams, predated investigation! Was appointed as a sort of comic pendant to Tannhäuser Hanan ( 1993 ) Coleman! 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